{"id":7069,"date":"2023-08-23T23:06:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T23:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/?post_type=articles&#038;p=7069"},"modified":"2025-01-23T04:52:08","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T04:52:08","slug":"designing-with-biodiversity","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/articles\/designing-with-biodiversity\/","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable Landscape Design: How Landscape Architects Can Promote Biodiversity"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7069\" class=\"elementor elementor-7069\" data-elementor-post-type=\"articles\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-25cd8159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"25cd8159\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9da5f8\" data-id=\"e9da5f8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b23cb95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b23cb95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sustainable Landscape Design: How Landscape Architects Can Promote Biodiversity<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e9a1769 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e9a1769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By <a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/author\/nickicopley\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nicki Copley<\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26ae395b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26ae395b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Design with biodiversity in mind\u2014learn key strategies for creating sustainable, wildlife-friendly landscapes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ed0186 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"30ed0186\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/toulouse-exhibition-batlleiroig_MEETT_%C2%A9Simon-Gabillard_2.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6564\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/toulouse-meett\">Toulouse Exhibition and Convention Centre MEETT<\/a>, Toulouse, France. Design: <a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/category\/projects\/batlleiroig-projects\/\">Batlleiroig <\/a>. Photo: Simon Gabillard<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64030e09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64030e09\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3fe794d\" data-id=\"3fe794d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cb5f414 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cb5f414\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biodiversity Matters<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e6a8c14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e6a8c14\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b85c737\" data-id=\"7b85c737\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6538fadc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6538fadc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biodiversity (biological diversity) refers to the full diversity of life on earth, including people, animals, plants, fungi, and organisms, as well as genetic diversity. Biodiversity is essential to human health, economic prosperity, and well-being, yet it is alarmingly imperiled. Up to one million species are threatened by extinction, primarily resulting from the loss of habitat due to human development [1]. Climate change is also now a major driver for biodiversity loss and species will face greater threats with every degree of warming [1].\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 2016 study published by the journal <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Nature<\/strong><\/a>, found that productive, sustainable ecosystems are not possible without maintaining biodiversity [2]. People need biodiversity, yet other non-human beings such as insects and plants also have an inherent right to healthy living conditions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Working to improve biodiversity is a critical action for landscape architects. In 2019 the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iflaworld.com\/newsblog\/ifla-declares-a-climate-and-biodiversity-emergency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Federation of Landscape Architects<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (IFLA) declared a global climate and biodiversity emergency. They stated:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u201cTogether with allied planning and design professionals, natural scientists, sociologists and economists, we will continue to advocate for innovative approaches to low carbon community development and management, and for the protection and enhancement of natural systems with emphasis on the integration of the natural environment into human communities through blue\/green infrastructure projects and an enhanced urban canopy. We can and must do our part locally, nationally and internationally.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 [3]<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3501e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3501e0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70ec154a\" data-id=\"70ec154a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-562b35f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"562b35f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Mid-post ad -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3484305352\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7729ff38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7729ff38\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50970cef\" data-id=\"50970cef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12072ad1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12072ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1] United Nations. (n.d.). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/science\/climate-issues\/biodiversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><i>Biodiversity &#8211; our strongest natural defense against climate change<\/i><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. United Nations. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/science\/climate-issues\/biodiversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/science\/climate-issues\/biodiversity\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2] Grace, J., Anderson, T., Seabloom, E. et al. (2016). <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness<\/a><\/strong><\/em>. Nature 529, 390\u2013393. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16524<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[3] International Federation of Landscape Architects. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5d16e42a3ae2ee0001a08d34\/t\/5d7fa3ebf7530f4d296dc970\/1568646124158\/Climate+Biodiversity+Emergency+Declaration_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>Global Climate and Biodiversity Emergency Declaration<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5d16e42a3ae2ee0001a08d34\/t\/5d7fa3ebf7530f4d296dc970\/1568646124158\/Climate+Biodiversity+Emergency+Declaration_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5d16e42a3ae2ee0001a08d34\/t\/5d7fa3ebf7530f4d296dc970\/1568646124158\/Climate+Biodiversity+Emergency+Declaration_FINAL.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-19e7821a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"19e7821a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-12665919\" data-id=\"12665919\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76a7a574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76a7a574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/maropeng-stone-garden\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/maropengstonegarden-6.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2327\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/maropengstonegarden-6.jpg?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/maropengstonegarden-6.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/maropengstonegarden-6.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/maropengstonegarden-6.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/maropengstonegarden-6.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Maropeng Stone Garden, Gauteng, South Africa. Design and photo by GREENinc Landscape Architecture and Urbanism. The planting palette makes use of locally indigenous forbs and trees which reflect and compliment the biodiverse Bankenveld vegetation type in which the site is situated. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66ef9fa7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66ef9fa7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14b8b848\" data-id=\"14b8b848\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27775f34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27775f34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Designing and specifying planting schemes to improve biodiversity must become the norm in our daily practice.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following sections cover several design considerations and outlines additional resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ba786d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ba786d8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9043c9b\" data-id=\"9043c9b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2db0bca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2db0bca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Design considerations<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1364e8cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1364e8cf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bc562d9\" data-id=\"5bc562d9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18210167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"18210167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plant origin<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ffe498 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ffe498\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e196c99\" data-id=\"6e196c99\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3106a9fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3106a9fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The terms native or exotic are criticized by some as promoting xenophobic sentiments [1], and by others as lacking an appreciation of time &#8211; that plants grow indigenously in a location now doesn\u2019t necessarily mean they grew in that same area hundreds of thousands of years ago [2]. Many people believe the use of exclusively native plants should be the rule, whereas others believe non-natives offer many benefits such as habitat remediation and can be used in planting schemes in conjunction with native plants [1].\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A compelling reason for using native or indigenous plants in projects lies in evolution. The vast majority (approximately 90% in the US [2]) of plant-feeding insects co-evolved with select plants that grew in a shared geographic area, leading to the development of \u2018specialized\u2019 relationships &#8211; where insects can meet their habitat or food needs from only a small number of plant species. This is opposed to \u2018generalists\u2019 who are less particular. A common generalist is the European Honey Bee.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Projects with higher numbers of native plants will cater to a larger number of native insects [2]. For example, Eucalyptus supports 48 insect species in Australia where Eucaplypus is native, whereas in California where it was introduced in the 1850s, Eucalyptus supports only one insect species [2]. However, not all natives have equal weight &#8211; see keystone species below.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify the plants native to your region. Many agencies or organizations publish this information.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify local wildlife populations that might use your planting as a habitat.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research their plant requirements i.e. food, nesting etc. Do they require specific plants or are they generalists? An example in California where this information is available is <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.calscape.org\/loc-\/cat-Lep\/ord-popular?srchcr=sc64caef152af4c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Calscape.<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a site is adjacent an area of existing indigenous vegetation, ensure appropriate species are selected to maintain the health and genetic diversity of the existing biodiversity i.e. use local eco-types instead of cultivars that could cross-pollinate with the local flora, avoid plants that could spread into the habitat and become invasive.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn more:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1] Lister, N-M<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0&amp; Green, J. (n.d.). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asla.org\/ContentDetail.aspx?id=31738\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><i>Interview with Nina-Marie Lister<\/i><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. American Society of Landscape Architecture. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asla.org\/ContentDetail.aspx?id=31738\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.asla.org\/ContentDetail.aspx?id=31738<\/span><\/a><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2] Darke, R., &amp; Tallamy, D. W. (2014). <\/span><strong><i>The living landscape: Designing for beauty and biodiversity in the home garden<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Timber Press.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/xerces.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; an international nonprofit organization that protects the natural world through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitats.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iNaturalist<\/a><\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 an independent non-profit organization. iNaturalist enables users to take a photo of a plant or animal and helps them identify it. You can also select an area and see all observations in that area. User observations contribute to biodiversity science.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA PLANTS Database<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65087d41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65087d41\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1bb48714\" data-id=\"1bb48714\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36cb6fbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36cb6fbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keystone species<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3da4133c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3da4133c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7cdf5869\" data-id=\"7cdf5869\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c0d49c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39c0d49c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The term borrows the concept of an arch keystone \u2013 where the keystone at the top of the arch supports the arch. If the keystone is removed, the arch crumbles. In ecology, keystone species fulfill a similar role where they maintain an ecological community&#8217;s overall structure and integrity [1]. Keystone plant species support the food and shelter needs of many other species, i.e. caterpillars, bees, etc. For example in California, Quercus (Oak) species act as a host plant to 275 species of caterpillar [2].<\/p><p><em>\u201cThe research of entomologist, Dr. Doug Tallamy, and his team at the University of Delaware have identified 14% of native plants (the keystones) support 90% of butterfly and moth lepidoptera species. The research of horticulturist Jarrod Fowler has shown that 15% to 60% of North American native bee species are pollen specialists who only eat pollen from 40% of native plants.\u201d<\/em> [2]<\/p><ul><li>Become familiar with your local area\u2019s keystone plant species and incorporate them into landscape projects. In the USA, a helpful resource is the plant lists put out by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwf.org\/Garden-for-Wildlife\/About\/Native-Plants\/keystone-plants-by-ecoregion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>The National Wildlife Federation<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><p>Learn more:<\/p><p>[1] Wagner, S. C. (2010) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/knowledge\/library\/keystone-species-15786127\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>Keystone Species.<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):51. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/knowledge\/library\/keystone-species-15786127\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/knowledge\/library\/keystone-species-15786127\/<\/a><\/p><p>[2] The National Wildlife Federation (USA) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwf.org\/Garden-for-Wildlife\/About\/Native-Plants\/keystone-plants-by-ecoregion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Keystone Plants by Ecoregion<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-450d6cd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"450d6cd3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b84f216\" data-id=\"5b84f216\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38a7fac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"38a7fac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Mid-post ad -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3484305352\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1543f83e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1543f83e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b32ceb\" data-id=\"47b32ceb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-301d4062 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"301d4062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/central-green-forest-park\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4379\" alt=\"An image of landscape architecture project Central Green Forest Park , by design firm Hassell, in Beijing, China. Showing a wide pedestrian path adjacent a grove of trees, underplanted with a mass planting of white flowers.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?resize=450%2C300&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/FI_central-green-forest-park-2.jpg?resize=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Central Green Forest Park, Beijing, China, by design firm Hassell. Photo: Nancy Studio. Phenology helped guide the approach to planting and creating authentic seasonal journeys for visitors. For example, the behaviour of various species of birds influenced the planting design for the Minor Cold area \u2013 like geese flying north, magpies building nests and ring-necked pheasants beginning to crow.  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4944254c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4944254c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ee7bae4\" data-id=\"1ee7bae4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dfa00db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4dfa00db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Genetic diversity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-187b3bb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"187b3bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another aspect of biodiversity is genetic diversity. Maintaining genetic diversity within individual plant species supports greater resilience. A plant species is typically made up of multiple different genetic ecotypes. An ecotype is defined as \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a group,&#8230; within a species, having unique physical characteristics genetically adapted to particular environmental conditions<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d &#8211; Collins Dictionary.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As plants adapt themselves to local environmental conditions, their genetic makeup alters. Even within an ecotype, there can be significant genetic variation in terms of size, form, flowering, growth rate, pest resistance, etc. The U.S. Forest Service describes ensuring genetic diversity as important<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201cbecause it can strongly influence the long term viability of plant populations, and their ability to adapt to changing climatic and environmental conditions. Plant materials that lack genetic diversity may be more susceptible to pathogens and other environmental stresses, and less competitive with exotic invasive species.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d [1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a 2021 article&nbsp; &#8211; <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/worldlandscapearchitect.com\/designing-for-change\/?v=7516fd43adaa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Designing for change<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> [2] &#8211; Eve Allen, Molly Bourne and Signe Nielsen discuss strategies and constraints in incoporating greater genetic diversity to projects &#8211; specifically to the planting design of Pier 42, a waterfront development in New York designed by MNLA. Read the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/worldlandscapearchitect.com\/designing-for-change\/?v=7516fd43adaa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">full article here<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The following strategies follow their recommendations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where possible specify a mix of local ecotypes. Many specialist native plant nurseries will list this information.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrange for local seed collection and contract growing where feasible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where local ecotypes aren\u2019t available use 2-4 varieties or cultivars of each species:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select varieties or cultivars&nbsp;appropriate to your area\u2019s growing conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select varieties or cultivars that flower at different times of the year.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Install varieties or cultivars together in tight groups rather than intermingling them, as this will help maintain distinctive genetic characteristics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn more:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1]. U.S. Forest Service. (n.d.). <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/wildflowers\/Native_Plant_Materials\/genetics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Protecting Genetic Resources.<\/a><\/strong><\/em> U.S. Forest Service. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/wildflowers\/Native_Plant_Materials\/genetics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/wildflowers\/Native_Plant_Materials\/genetics\/<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2] Allen, E., Bourne, M., &amp; Nielsen, S. (2021, October 14). <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/worldlandscapearchitect.com\/designing-for-change\/?v=7516fd43adaa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Designing for change<\/i><\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. World Landscape Architecture. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/worldlandscapearchitect.com\/designing-for-change\/?v=7516fd43adaa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/worldlandscapearchitect.com\/designing-for-change\/?v=7516fd43adaa&nbsp;<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rizzi, D. (2023). Design Brief \u201c<\/span><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/networknature.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/d53-practitioners-package-1_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Recommendations for Biodiversity positive Design with Nature-based Solutions<\/a><\/strong><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (NBS)\u201d drafted by ICLEI Europe for Network Nature (H2020 project No. 887396).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4b3ba9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4b3ba9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7150b913\" data-id=\"7150b913\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9637797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9637797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Mid-post ad -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3484305352\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65bb78b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65bb78b4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38835018\" data-id=\"38835018\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4244005e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4244005e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Plant diversity<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-390fa231 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"390fa231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Plant a mix of species <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Landscapes with a higher diversity of plants will support a higher diversity of wildlife, making them more resilient habitats. The example Rick Darke and Doug Tallamy give in their 2014 book The Living Landscape [1] is of a Chickadee. This Chickadee lives in a landscape with only one tree species, making it food reliant on the one species of caterpillar that lives in that one type of tree. Whereas if four different species of tree were present, all hosting different caterpillar species, the Chickadee has greater food security if one of the caterpillar populations declines.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>Staggered seasonal interest &#8211;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Incorporate a mix of species that will provide habitat or food throughout the year for your target species. There are many agencies or organizations that publish material on bloom timing or habitat needs. Two examples are below:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.doc.govt.nz\/get-involved\/conservation-activities\/attract-birds-to-your-garden\/#:~:text=Try%20to%20use%20ecosourced%20plants,karam%C5%AB%2C%20and%20korokia%20for%20fruit.&amp;text=If%20you%20have%20limited%20space,titoki%2C%20broadleaf%20and%20cabbage%20tree.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attract birds to your garden &#8211; New Zealand Department of Conversation<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/xerces.org\/publications\/plant-lists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plant lists &#8211; Xerces Society<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-style: inherit; background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5); color: var(--ast-global-color-3);\">[1] Darke, R., &amp; Tallamy, D. W. (2014).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-weight: bold;\"><i>The living landscape: Designing for beauty and biodiversity in the home garden<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-style: inherit; background-color: var(--ast-global-color-5); color: var(--ast-global-color-3);\">. Timber Press.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c0b77f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c0b77f8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34272196\" data-id=\"34272196\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50f3af79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"50f3af79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/stadium-park-chevron-parkland\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/FI_01-StadiumParkChevron-PeterBennetts.jpg?fit=1024%2C679&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1613\" alt=\"An image of landscape architecture project Stadium Park &amp; Chevron Parkland, by design firm Hassell, in Perth, Australia. Showing an aerial view of a large park bordered on two sides by water. A series of pathways connect a playground, lawn and areas of planting.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/FI_01-StadiumParkChevron-PeterBennetts.jpg?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/FI_01-StadiumParkChevron-PeterBennetts.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/FI_01-StadiumParkChevron-PeterBennetts.jpg?resize=1024%2C679&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/FI_01-StadiumParkChevron-PeterBennetts.jpg?resize=768%2C509&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/FI_01-StadiumParkChevron-PeterBennetts.jpg?resize=1536%2C1019&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Stadium Park &amp; Chevron Parkland in Perth, Western Australia, by design firm Hassell. Photo: Peter Bennetts. Thousands of native plants have been introduced, supporting a safe and sustainable public parkland. The capping of contaminants in latent soils, reduction of fertiliser use and bio-filtering of surface water has improved the micro-organisms found in both the soil and the water.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d715b23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d715b23\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f02b91e\" data-id=\"7f02b91e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76fe6a0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76fe6a0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Habitat Fragmentation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e8a9c5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e8a9c5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fragmentation is a process where portions of an area of habitat are destroyed, typically due to human development (farming, housing, roads etc.). This results in smaller areas, known as patches, of habitat that form islands within the matrix of developed land. Habitat fragmentation can restrict or eliminate the ability of a species to move across the wider landscape. It can also lead to a loss of genetic diversity within species which reduces species resilience. Each time a habitat patch is fragmented, the amount of habitat along the perimeter of the patch (the edge) increases and the amount of interior habitat decreases \u2013 threatening the plant and wildlife species that can only survive in the interior of a habitat patch.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Landscape architects, particularly those who are working on large-scale projects where habitat protection or remediation is possible, can have an influential role in the design or decision-making about how a landscape is divided. Decisions on where to place a road or driveway, or locate a new building can have a significant impact on habitat fragmentation. Landscape architects should act as advocates for the plant and wildlife residing on their site.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn more:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The USDA National Agroforestry Center provides useful diagrams and design considerations for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/nac\/buffers\/guidelines\/2_biodiversity\/2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>patches and the implications of fragmentation<\/b><\/a><b>. <\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70cc6bbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70cc6bbb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29e16af8\" data-id=\"29e16af8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d67e4ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6d67e4ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Mid-post ad -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3484305352\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e61f7e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e61f7e0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22dfc4fc\" data-id=\"22dfc4fc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cdac2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cdac2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lighting<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660d6fa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"660d6fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lighting in the landscape can be detrimental to wildlife (bees, moths, bats etc.) as well as plants. A study in 2014 found that over 70% of the moths studied were drawn toward lights and away from the plants they would otherwise be pollinating [1]. Lighting can also affect a plant\u2019s circadian rhythm by altering the daily and seasonal light levels the plant would normally experience. This can reduce the plant\u2019s health and pollen output [1]. Light pollution can also negatively impact people and wastes energy.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limit lighting to places where lighting is required for safety and use the minimum required.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct lights away from planting and avoid light spilling into planting areas.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporate dimmers, sensors, and\/or timers.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specify lights that meet best practice recommendations for wildlife such as low-wattage lights of warm white or amber temperature.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn more:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1] Hirschlag, A. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230308-how-light-pollution-disrupts-plants-senses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>How light pollution disrupts plants&#8217; senses<\/strong>.<\/em><\/a> BBC Future. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230308-how-light-pollution-disrupts-plants-senses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230308-how-light-pollution-disrupts-plants-senses <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Demidova, I. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arup.com\/perspectives\/relighting-and-rewilding-our-environment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>Relighting and rewilding our environment<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. Arup. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arup.com\/perspectives\/relighting-and-rewilding-our-environment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.arup.com\/perspectives\/relighting-and-rewilding-our-environment<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lang, V. (n.d.). <strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.schreder.com\/en\/blogs\/schreder-designs-lighting-solutions-protect-people-and-wildlife-during-night\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The birds and the bees &#8211; why wildlife needs nightlife.<\/a><\/em><\/strong> Schr\u00e9der. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.schreder.com\/en\/blogs\/schreder-designs-lighting-solutions-protect-people-and-wildlife-during-night\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.schreder.com\/en\/blogs\/schreder-designs-lighting-solutions-protect-people-and-wildlife-during-night<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albouy, X. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theagilityeffect.com\/en\/opinions\/smarter-lighting-is-good-for-biodiversity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>Smarter lighting is good for biodiversity.<\/strong><\/em> <\/a>The Agility Effect. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.schreder.com\/en\/blogs\/schreder-designs-lighting-solutions-protect-people-and-wildlife-during-night\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.theagilityeffect.com\/en\/opinions\/smarter-lighting-is-good-for-biodiversity\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1920d76b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1920d76b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2cc31120\" data-id=\"2cc31120\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4f7c4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4f7c4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soil<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-214c703d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"214c703d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>No-Till &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Historically, conventional farming and gardening practice is to till \u2013 to turn over the soil with a plow or spade in preparation for planting. However, this can damage soil microbial biomass (fungi, bacteria, fine roots), cause erosion, deplete soil\u2019s water-holding capacity, and release greenhouse gases stored within the soil. In contrast, no-till can improve soil health and enhance plant productivity [1].\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eliminate tilling and limit soil disturbance<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><b>Nesting bees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Honeybees are often what people conjure in their minds when thinking of bees. But there are thousands of other species of bee and the majority of these live alone in tunnels made in bare soil, wood, or hollow plant stems.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporate small sunny patches of bare soil, kept free from foot traffic or garden maintenance activities.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn more:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">[1] USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) Climate Hubs. (n.d.).\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatehubs.usda.gov\/hubs\/international\/topic\/no-till-farming-climate-resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>No-Till Farming for Climate Resilience.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatehubs.usda.gov\/hubs\/international\/topic\/no-till-farming-climate-resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.climatehubs.usda.gov\/hubs\/international\/topic\/no-till-farming-climate-resilience<\/a><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County. (n.d.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/sonomamg.ucanr.edu\/Food_Gardening\/Additional_KG_Articles\/No-Till_Food_Gardening\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>No-till food gardening.<\/strong><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sonomamg.ucanr.edu\/Food_Gardening\/Additional_KG_Articles\/No-Till_Food_Gardening\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/sonomamg.ucanr.edu\/Food_Gardening\/Additional_KG_Articles\/No-Till_Food_Gardening\/<\/a><\/li><li>Tangley, L., (2021). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nwf.org\/Home\/Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/2021\/June-July\/Gardening\/Honey-Bees#:~:text=Unlike%20honey%20bees%2C%20more%20than,have%20queens%20or%20produce%20honey.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>The Truth About Honey Bees.<\/strong><\/em><\/a> The National Wildlife Federation. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nwf.org\/Home\/Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/2021\/June-July\/Gardening\/Honey-Bees#:~:text=Unlike%20honey%20bees%2C%20more%20than,have%20queens%20or%20produce%20honey.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.nwf.org\/Home\/Magazines\/National-Wildlife\/2021\/June-July\/Gardening\/Honey-Bees#:~:text=Unlike%20honey%20bees%2C%20more%20than,have%20queens%20or%20produce%20honey.<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2845cc5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2845cc5a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c93f7ad\" data-id=\"7c93f7ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f40d5d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f40d5d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-520fa5be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"520fa5be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>It is imperative that landscape architects act to protect and improve biodiversity. <\/strong><\/p><p>As Kate Orff from SCAPE states:\u00a0<\/p><p><em>\u201cEcocide and the loss of the earth\u2019s biodiversity, in all its immense texture, color, scale and intensity, is an aesthetic and moral question that dwarfs our more internal conversations about architecture. The act of unmaking the errors of the past, of gathering, and of recognising each other and the earth as worthy of deep care is one of the most profound design challenges before us.\u201d\u00a0<\/em><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Wall, E., &amp; Orff, K. (2020). <em><strong>What is Design Now? Unmaking the Landscape<\/strong><\/em>. In <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The landscapists: Redefining Landscape Relations. Architectural Design<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (pp. 95\u201399). essay, Wiley.<\/span><\/p><p>Check out more Biodiversity Enhancement projects <a href=\"https:\/\/landscapearchitecturebuilt.com\/staging\/tag\/biodiversity-enhancement\/\"><strong>here<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13dfdc98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13dfdc98\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1bbe6\" data-id=\"e1bbe6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d969db6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7d969db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Mid-post ad -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3407445146931522\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3484305352\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The article emphasizes the critical role landscape architects play in promoting biodiversity through thoughtful design, focusing on native plants, keystone species, genetic diversity, and habitat preservation, while addressing challenges like fragmentation and light pollution. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2327,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"normal-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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